Once you start looking at packages you are going to realize instantly that there are countless combinations of choices and prices. It can be a bit overwhelming. If you have the money to invest in all the bells and whistles that weddings photographers can offer, I highly suggest it. Every little piece is another memory for you to hold onto. Most often though this isn't the case and every penny counts. So, I'm going to quickly cover a lot of the common choices and why you may or may not want or need them.
Engagement Photos
I highly recommend these for so many reasons. One, you get pictures before the wedding that are great for save the dates, invites, count downs on social media, and decorations for the wedding and showers. I love showing up to a wedding and seeing all the engagement pictures we took spread all around. It makes my heart happy. But I digress, after all, this isn't about me. The second reason engagement photos are a great idea is because they give you a chance to work with your photographer before the wedding. You learn a bit about how they shoot, how they deliver images, and just get a little more comfortable in front of a camera - or at the very least their camera. The photographer also gets a chance to get to know you a little better, get a feel for how you work as a couple, and what sorts of images you really like. This is often why photographers offer 'complimentary' engagement sessions with their weddings. It's beneficial for everyone involved to do a shoot before the wedding.
Coverage
You want the fastest and easiest way to save money? Have the photographer there less. Some photographers only offer full coverage options, so this won't work for them. But for those that do have it broken down this is important. Keep in mind most of the time you can't break up a photographer's time with little random breaks here, once they start the clock is running. This means that the best place to shave hours is on the ends. Here are some ways to do that in order to stay in your budget.
If you want Getting Ready photos, consider having the photographer arrive towards the end of your hair/makeup instead of the beginning. This way, you can still get a couple shots of the last minute touches to hair and make up as well as putting on the dress, the shoes, jewelry, party/parent reveals. But you just saved up to an hour or two on just hair and makeup shots. A lot of detail shots can be recreated as well if need be. If you don't want Getting Ready pictures, you still need to have the photographer on site and on the clock before your ceremony start time. I recommend a half hour to an hour depending on the size of your wedding. You want them to have a chance to introduce themselves to the wedding party (maybe even the bride and groom depending on the situation), go over any last-minute details or questions, scope out the location/lighting, and have everything ready to go before the ceremony starts.
If you're looking to maximize what you get out of your reception time, consider setting up your timeline to make sure the 'photo op' events occur towards the beginning. This is also nice for guests who can't stay late for whatever reason. If the only thing you want photographed is the first dance and the toasts, do those before dinner. This way, you can still feed your photographer, but they're free to leave when they're done and the dinner hour isn't cutting into your time. Even if you want your whole reception photographed most photographers will suggest their ending time be no more than an hour after the last scheduled event. Dancing shots can get repetitive, people get sloppy, and a lot of the time it's just unnecessary. Keep this in mind when drafting your timeline.
Remember Murphy's Law is almost always in effect when it comes to weddings. Be aware when trimming your hours as close as possible that often times photographer's charge more for overtime the day of then if you pay for extra hours in advance. Leave yourself a bit of cushion just in case of that 'what if'.
A Second Shooter
A second shooter is essentially another photographer brought by your primary photographer to help capture more images. Often times, photographers have a list of other photographers with whom they work regularly and they will try to find one who is available for your wedding day. Other times they will seek out beginning photographers to hire, as second shooting is a great way for them to get experience . The photos are generally all edited by the same person so that they all flow together and you can hardly if at all tell which photographer took what. These are helpful for one major reason: one person can't be in two places at once. The two big points in the day where they come in the most handy are during Getting Ready shots when the bride and groom are getting ready in different locations and during a large ceremony to get shots of the back of the dress/couples, and grooms expression with the bride in the photo. Depending on the set up and size of the venue it's possible for one person to get both front and back shots of the bride but not the whole bridal party. For smaller, more intimate weddings, they aren't as necessary. If they are included in the base package, then by all means take advantage of them regardless of the wedding size because they offer a different eye and often more images overall.
Wedding Albums and Prints
In today's digital age fewer and fewer people are purchasing prints. BUT PLEASE DO. There's something different about holding a photograph in your hands versus looking at it on a screen. I mean why do you think everyone is getting obsessed with polaroids again? Having photos printed out is special. A high-quality album is something you can potentially look back on for the rest of your lives, show your kids and your grand kids, and of course laugh at in 50 years when you see all these young folks flossing. Some photographers have a large mark up on albums and prints or only offer fine art albums that can cost upwards of $300. If that's out of your price range then it's totally something you can skip. However, there are plenty of places where you can order one yourself for a cheaper price that's still high quality. You may also consider printing individual prints and putting them in a sleeved album.
All Final Images and/or Printing Rights
Sometimes photographers up-charge their initial prices in two ways. One will only guarantee you a certain number of pictures included with your initial fee and any you want after that number cost extra. The second is they'll require that you only buy prints and albums through them, sometimes both. Each of these options might make a package look cheaper up front but may end up costing you more in the long run. Be sure to ask what the average total investment people tend to make with them is, how much each additional image costs, and how long they have access to make orders. You don't want every single image that the photographer takes that day edited or not, trust me, but you may not want to be limited to just 50 an hour.